Cryptosporidium parvum Gastroenteritis in a 2-Year-Old Child in a Resource-Limited Setting: A Case Report from Southern Nigeria

Abstract

Background: Cryptosporidium parvum is a protozoan parasite associated with acute and chronic diarrhoeal illness in children, particularly in regions with poor sanitation and limited diagnostic resources. Early diagnosis and targeted management are essential for improving outcomes.

Objective: To describe the clinical presentation, diagnostic process, and outcome of a paediatric case of parasitic gastroenteritis caused by Cryptosporidium parvum in a resource-limited healthcare setting.

Methodology: A case study approach was employed. Clinical and laboratory evaluations were conducted at Rivers State University Teaching Hospital. Stool microscopy with modified Ziehl-Neelsen staining, blood glucose testing, full blood count, and serum electrolytes were used to establish the diagnosis and monitor the patient's condition.

Results: The child presented with profuse watery diarrhoea, vomiting, lethargy, and poor appetite. Stool microscopy confirmed the presence of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts. Laboratory findings included mild anaemia (PCV 25%) and critical hypoglycaemia (blood glucose 2.5 mmol/L). Management involved oral and intravenous rehydration, zinc supplementation, nutritional support, and empirical antimicrobial therapy. The patient showed clinical improvement over seven days and was discharged after symptom resolution. Repeat stool microscopy was negative for the parasite.

Conclusion: This case underscores the importance of laboratory-based parasitological diagnosis in paediatric gastroenteritis, especially in low-resource settings. Early detection and supportive management can significantly improve outcomes. The modified Ziehl-Neelsen technique remains a valuable diagnostic tool where advanced molecular methods are unavailable.