Occurrence of Heavy Metals in Fruit Juices Sold in Benin City and Implications for Human Health Risk

Abstract

Heavy metals are one of the main pollutants in the food chain that can have a negative impact on human health. Thus, the concentrations of heavy metals (Cd, Ni and Pb) were assessed in fruit juices including Chivita Active, Chivita Exotic, Ribena, Frutta, Mr. Fruits, and Caprison sold in Benin City. A total of 18 samples were collected. Heavy metals were analyzed in the fruit juice samples using the Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS) Bulk Scientific model: VGP 210 Norwood, MA, made in USA. Results showed that Pb was detected in only Caprison with a mean concentration of 0.003±0.006 mg/l, Cd and Ni were not detected in any of the fruit juice samples. Probabilistic risk assessment (non- carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks) was estimated by models including Target Hazard Quotient (THQ) and Cancer risk (CR). Health risk assessment revealed that the target hazard quotient (THQ) for Pb in Caprison exceeded the safe threshold value of 1 for both adults and children, indicating a potential risk of non-carcinogenic health effects associated with long-term consumption.. Although, no contamination levels that could pose serious health concern were observed, however, moderate consumption and continuous monitoring are recommended to ensure long-term consumer safety.