Examining the Effectiveness of Environmental Regulations in Mitigating the Adverse Ecological Impacts of Petroleum Exploration and Production

Abstract

This study examines the effectiveness of environmental regulations in mitigating the adverse ecological impacts of petroleum exploration and production (PEP) in Ghana. Using a mixed-methods approach, the research combines quantitative analysis of environmental performance indicators (e.g., pollution levels, CO₂ emissions) with qualitative insights from interviews with key stakeholders, including government officials, industry experts, environmental advocates, and local communities. Findings reveal that while 63.2% of respondents believe current policies adequately address environmental concerns, significant gaps remain in enforcement and equity, with 44% questioning the Petroleum Commission’s regulatory efficacy. Critical issues include oil spills (35.2%), air pollution (35.2%), and inadequate community compensation (48%). The study underscores the need for stricter enforcement, transparent governance, and inclusive policies to align economic growth with ecological sustainability in Ghana’s petroleum sector.