Transient MHD nanofluid convection with coupled heat–mass transfer over an inclined porous medium for thermal regulation and material engineering

Abstract

This study explores the unsteady MHD flow of a reactive, radiative, heat-generating nanofluid past an infinite inclined porous plate, influenced by mixed convection and coupled thermal-solutal diffusion (Soret and Dufour effects). The nanofluid consists of water-based Cu-Ag nanoparticles. The governing non-dimensional quasi-linear PDEs are formulated with appropriate initial and boundary conditions and solved numerically using an explicit finite difference method implemented in Fortran. The impact of various flow parameters on velocity, temperature, and concentration profiles is examined through graphs, while skin friction, heat transfer (Nusselt number), and mass transfer (Sherwood number) rates are presented in tables. Results show that permeability, heat source, Dufour number, and buoyancy enhance fluid motion and mass transport, whereas magnetic field strength, chemical reaction rate, and inclination angle reduce velocity. Thermo-diffusion raises fluid temperature, while higher chemical reaction and Schmidt numbers lower concentration. A comparison with existing studies demonstrates strong agreement, confirming the model's reliability.