Effects of Combined Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART) on Implantation Indices in Sprague-Dawley Rats

Abstract

Background: Recent studies have revealed that HAART can disrupt endocrine function, adversely affecting female reproduction, particularly implantation process. This study investigated the effects of HAART regimen (Lamivudine, Efavirenz and Tenofovir combination) on uterine histology and hormones regulating implantation in female Sprague-Dawley rats.

Methods: Thirty female Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into three experimental groups and three control groups for comparison. 0.4ml/100gBW of HAART was administered to animals in groups AI, AII, and AIII for 8, 16, and 28 days, respectively, while animals in groups BI, BII, and BIII received normal saline for the same period of time. Histological examination of uterine tissues was performed after the administration to evaluate structural alterations. Uterine gland presence, vascularization, and endometrial integrity were used to establish uterine support of implantation. Standard biochemical techniques were used to estimate progesterone and LH levels, hormones that enhance implantation process.

Results: The animals in AIII group experienced severe endometrial disruption, vascular congestion, and decreased uterine glands with HAART administration, while the AI and AII groups showed negligible abnormalities in the aforementioned uterine histological parameters. Progesterone and LH levels were significantly lower in HAART-treated groups, the most noticeable changes were seen in the AIII group of 28 days administration.

Conclusion: Long-term HAART impairs implantation by altering uterine histoarchitecture and hormone profiles. There is the need to monitor reproductive health of HIV positive women on HAART.