A Literature Review of Pharmacological Treatments for Heart Failure: New Drug Developments and Their Mechanisms of Action

Abstract

Background: Heart failure (HF) is a clinical syndrome characterized by characteristic symptoms and signs associated with an organizational or functional cardiac abnormality. The epidemic of HF has been a subject of fascination since 1997, with an exponential increase in hospitalization and a growing number of individuals associated with HF. With an emphasis on recently introduced medications and their underlying mechanisms of action, this review aimed to investigate recent pharmacological developments in the treatment of heart failure

Discussion: Current HF administration focuses on neurohormonal transition, symptom relief, and increased endurance through pharmacologic and non-pharmacologic approaches. Basic therapy includes angiotensin receptor–neprilysin inhibitors, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers, beta-blockers, mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists, sodium–glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors, and diuretics. SGLT2 inhibitors and diuretics are the first line of treatment for patients with HF with a slightly reduced ejection fraction or HF with a preserved ejection fraction.

Conclusion: The review provides an analysis of new pharmacotherapies for HF, highlighting their mechanism of action, clinical efficacy, and promising prospects for the future. Personalized therapy approaches and combined therapy are expected to play an increasingly important role in improving HF symptoms control and long-term prognosis.