Hand Hygiene Knowledge, Practice and Associated Factors among Food Vendors in Nnewi, Anambra State, Nigeria: A Cross-Sectional Study

Abstract

This study examined the level of knowledge and actual hand hygiene practices among food
vendors in Nnewi, Anambra State, and explored factors contributing to foodborne disease risk. A
cross-sectional descriptive survey conducted among 167 food vendors using a structured
questionnaire and checklist. Data were analyzed using Chi-square tests to assess associations
between socio-demographic factors and hygiene practices. The results highlighted a significant
disparity between knowledge and practice. Most vendors had good knowledge of hygiene but this
did not translate into practice. Only one-third used soap and water, while others used water alone
or cloth. Unsafe behaviours after handling money were common. Inferential analysis using ChiSquare Tests of Independence showed no significant associations were found between education,
training, or water source and hygiene behaviour. Many relied on stagnant water instead of running
water. There is a clear gap between what vendors know and what they do. Improving access to
clean running water and promoting practical hygiene habits are crucial for reducing foodborne
disease risks in this setting.