Antimicrobial resistance profile of Escherichia coli isolates and antibiotic use practices in pig farms in Ebonyi State, Southeast Nigeria

Abstract

Introduction: antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a growing public health concern driven by the indiscriminate use of antibiotics in livestock production. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of AMR in Escherichia coli isolates from pig farms in Ebonyi State, Nigeria, and evaluate pig farmers' knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) regarding antibiotic use. Methods: a crosssectional study was conducted across pig farms, where fecal samples were collected from pigs (13 finishers, 36 piglets) and analyzed for bacterial isolates and antibiotic susceptibility. A structured questionnaire was also administered to assess pig farmers' KAPs on antibiotic use. Results: results showed the E. coli isolates exhibited multiple antibiotic resistance, with high resistance rates seen for Oxytetracycline (94.7%), Chloramphenicol (62.1%), and Colistin (59.5%). Furthermore, farmers showed poor knowledge of AMR (54%), negative attitudes toward responsible use (68%), and also administered antibiotics to pigs without veterinary consultation (92%). The chi-square analysis revealed significant associations between AMR prevalence and farmers' education level (χ²= 7.72, p= 0.005), years of experience (χ²= 30.52, p= 0.000), use of professional veterinary services (χ²= 5.75, p= 0.016), overall attitude (χ²= 6.05, p= 0.013), and antibiotic use (χ²= 16.73, p= 0.000). Farms with higher antibiotic usage had significantly (p < 0.05) higher AMR prevalence. Conclusion: our findings highlight the need for stricter antibiotic use regulations, and targeted AMR education programs for pig farmers in Nigeria. We recommend improved funding for molecular studies to investigate antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) of zoonotic pathogens in the animal health sector. Given the transboundary nature of AMR, enhanced surveillance is also critical for mitigating it's spread, to safeguard global public health.