Macrophytes distribution in relation to sediment composition of Kandola Shella Stream Sokoto, Nigeria

Abstract

Macrophytes play a vital role in aquatic ecosystems, serving as indicators of environmental health and influencing nutrient cycling. Kandola Shella Stream of Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto is a unique ecosystem for studying these relationships in a semi-arid region. This study aimed to evaluate macrophyte diversity in relation to sediment composition within the Kandola Shella Stream. The stream was divided into three locations (A, B, and C) for the study. Field surveys and standard laboratory procedures were conducted to identify macrophytes species and examine sediment physicochemical properties. A total of 17 Macrophytes species from 11 families were identified. Emergent species dominated the stream, accounting for 53% of all observed species. At location A, Pistia stratiotes was most abundant, while Nymphaea lotus and Panicum hemitomen dominated at location B. At location C, Azolla pinnata was the predominant species. Sediment analysis revealed slightly acidic conditions across all sections, with pH values ranging from 6.53 to 6.62. Electrical conductivity (EC) was highest at location A, reflecting potential variations in ion concentrations. Nutrient analysis showed fluctuations in nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium levels across the sections. Heavy metal concentrations revealed consistent cadmium levels, with elevated copper and lead concentrations observed at location A. Macrophyte distribution in Kandola Shella Stream was strongly influenced by sediment composition, emphasizing the role of sediment in shaping aquatic vegetation and this type of study will support ecosystem management and conservation efforts.