Assessment of knowledge, attitude and practice of non-pharmaceutical preventive measures of covid-19 in Tafawa Balewa local government area of Bauchi State, Northeast, Nigeria

Abstract

Background: Non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) are public health strategies designed to prevent and control the transmission of SARS-CoV-2 within communities. Despite the subsequent introduction of vaccines (e.g., AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine), NPIs remain among the most effective, accessible, and safe public health measures against COVID-19. These interventions include social distancing, hand hygiene (sanitizers and washing), and the use of face masks. Objectives: This study aimed to assess the knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) of non-pharmaceutical preventive measures against COVID-19. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study design was employed among 290 participants aged 18 years and above using multi-stage sampling technique. Simple random sampling by balloting was used to select 20% (4 out of 20) of the wards. Subsequently, four settlements were randomly selected from each chosen ward. Data were collected using a semi-structured, interviewer-administered questionnaire and analyzed using Microsoft Excel and SPSS version 26.0. Results: The study revealed high awareness (96.9%) of NPIs, with radio (34.5%) being the primary source of information. The majority demonstrated good knowledge (91.7%), positive attitude (50.5%), and good practice (63.4%) regarding NPIs. A statistically significant relationship was found between knowledge and practice (p = 0.015). However, compliance with government stay-at-home orders was low (17.9%), and a majority (64.1%) disagreed with the obligatory lockdown measures. Conclusion: Good knowledge, attitude, and practice regarding COVID-19 NPIs were exhibited; a significant gap existed in compliance with specific measures like lockdowns. The study highlights the influence of socioeconomic factors, perceptions, and trust in government on adherence to public health interventions.