Pesticide application practices and environmental implications: insights from farmers in Lagos State, Nigeria

Abstract

Increasing global demand for food, driven by population growth, has led to the intensified use of agrochemicals, which pose toxic risks to both target and non-target organisms. This study investigates the pesticide application patterns among farmers in Lagos State, Nigeria, and examines potential environmental entry pathways of these chemicals. A descriptive survey design was employed, using a
structured questionnaire administered across several farming settlements. Of the 250 questionnaires distributed, 220 were completed and returned, representing an 88% response rate. Findings showed that 69.3% of farmers apply pesticides immediately after pest detection, with 74% receiving pesticide information from Agricultural Extension Officers and 46% from fellow farmers. Over half (52%) apply pesticides against the wind direction, while 62% use partial protective clothing. Equipment used includes hand pumps (56%) and motorised sprayers (28.7%). Disposal practices vary: 33.3% bury used containers, and 30% discard on farmland. Most farmers (93.3%) return to farms within 48 hours of spraying, 96.7% wash sprayers, and 51.4% dispose the wash water on the field. Common symptoms
of pesticide exposure include itching (41.3%), headache (38%), and vomiting (19.3%). 70.7% of farmers are aware of non-target species, and 59.3% report associated mortalities. Mancozeb is the most preferred pesticide, while glyphosate and mancozeb are considered most effective. Dimethoate, cyhalothrin, fenpropathrin and imidacloprid are rated to be slightly hazardous. This study highlights
the importance of raising awareness and providing training for farmers on the proper use and application techniques of pesticides, to reduce environmental contamination and mitigate their harmful effects on the ecosystem.