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May 27, 2026Keywords:
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Main Article Content
Socio-cultural and economic drivers of open defecation and sanitation interventions in nomadic communities: A case study of Lodokejek Ward, Samburu County, Kenya
Abstract
Open defecation (OD) remains a widespread challenge in developing countries, significantly impacting public health, especially in nomadic communities with limited sanitation infrastructure. Despite National WASH interventions, open defecation remains prevalent in Kenya, with rates of 14% nationally but exceeding 70% in pastoralist regions such as Lodokejek Ward, Samburu County. The study contributes new evidence by integrating pastoral nomadism intensity, moranism and socioeconomics to understand the drivers of Open Defecation and Sanitation interventions in Nomadic Communities. A cross-sectional mixed method involving household surveys, focus group discussions, key informant interviews, and transect walks was conducted among 200 households. Quantitative data was analyzed via SPSS v16 (Chi-square, Pearson r) while qualitative data was analyzed via thematic coding in NVivo. Ethical approval was obtained, and informed consent and anonymity were ensured. Results revealed significant associations with socioeconomics of the study area and knowledge gaps. Open defecation was strongly associated with socio-cultural norms, economic constraints, and sanitation-related knowledge gaps (p <0.001). From the results, 51.5% lacked latrines (r=0.45, p<0.01). The study recommends culturally tailored Community Led Total Sanitation (CLTS) approach, subsidies for nomads, and gender-inclusive designs for nomadic communities to achieve SDG 6.2.
