Biopesticides for the Control of Fall Army Worms in Nigeria: Current Status, Challenges, and Prospects

Abstract

The fall armyworm (FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda, originated from tropical and subtropical regions of the Americas. In 2016, Nigeria reported its first FAW outbreak, which later spread across West Africa, predominantly affecting cereal crops, mainly maize—staple crop of great importance in Nigeria. Since its emergence in Africa, FAW has posed a significant threat. In Nigeria, approximately 395.05 hectares and $52.7 million were lost in some states due to FAW, resulting in over a 50% reduction in maize production. While chemical pesticides are promoted and used for FAW control, their application is limited due to toxicity concerns and high costs. Due to their affordability, availability, and environmentally friendly characteristics, research has shifted towards biopesticides, including microbial, microbial extracts, and plant- based solutions. Integrating biopesticides with effective crop management practices can help control pest populations and reduce the reliance on conventional pesticides. This review explores the current status, challenges, and prospects of using biopesticides to control FAW in Nigeria. It highlights the low utilization of biopesticides due to factors such as unskilled labour, inconsistent field performance, inadequate infrastructure, and weak government policies. Addressing these challenges could significantly enhance Nigeria's crop protection, to ensure food security, and sustainable agriculture.