Prevalence and Risk Factors for Elevated Blood Pressure Patterns and Hypertension Among Children Attending a Tertiary Outpatient Clinic in Port Harcourt, Nigeria

Abstract

Background: The prevalence of hypertension among children is on the increase, and it is of global concern.

Objectives: To determine the prevalence and associated risk factors of elevated and hypertensive-range blood pressure among children and adolescents.

Methods: This was a cross-sectional, prospective study of patients who attended the Paediatric Outpatient Clinic of the River State University Teaching Hospital, Nigeria. Their biodata, family and social history, dietary history and blood pressure (BP) were recorded, assessed and analysed.

Results: The mean systolic and diastolic BP of 500 children aged 3 to 18 years were 102.6 (±10.1) mmHg and 60.0 (±9.0) mmHg. BP levels in higher-than-normal cut-off ranges were recorded in 76 (15.2%) children. A hypertensive BP range was found in 44 (8.8%), while 32 (6.4%) had elevated blood pressure. Elevated BP was significantly higher among subjects with a family history of hypertension (OR = 2.07, 95%CI = 1.01, 4.26; p = 0.04), children who skipped breakfast regularly (OR = 5.9, 95%CI = 1.74, 20.1; p = 0.01), and obese or overweight children (OR = 2.79, 95%CI = 1.43, 5.42; p = 0.002).

Conclusions: Obesity, skipping breakfast, and a family history of hypertension were the identified risk factors for elevated blood pressure. Early screening and lifestyle modifications are essential in controlling hypertension in children.