The impact of obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome on cognitive impairment in patients monitored at the University Clinics of Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo

Abstract

Introduction

Cognitive impairment is common in patients with obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS), particularly in severe cases, but it often remains underdiagnosed. OSAHS is a respiratory disorder characterised by repeated pauses in breathing during sleep. The resulting intermittent hypoxia can impair brain function and lead to cognitive deficits, including issues with attention, memory, and executive functioning.

Purpose

This study aimed to describe the cognitive profile of patients with OSAHS treated at the University Clinics of Kinshasa.

Methods

This was a cross-sectional, analytical study conducted over a 10-month period among patients aged 18 years and older. Variables studied included sociodemographic, anthropometric, and clinical data, as well as results from the MoCA scale and polysomnography. Statistical analyses were performed using Pearson's chi-square test or Fisher’s exact test for qualitative variables, and Student’s t-test for quantitative variables (p < 0.05).

Results

Of the 121 patients included (mean age = 50 ± 11 years), 66% (n = 80) were male. Severe OSAHS was the most prevalent (38%, n = 46), and 42% of patients were severely obese. Mild cognitive impairment was identified in 45.4% (n = 55) of participants. A significant association was observed between the severity of OSAHS and the presence of cognitive impairment (p < 0.001).

Conclusion

This study highlights a high prevalence of cognitive impairment in patients with OSAHS, especially in its severe forms. These findings emphasise the need for cognitive screening in the clinical management of OSAHS patients.