Toxoplasma gondii in small ruminants and assessment of attitude and practices of workers in slaughter facilities in Kaduna

Abstract

Toxoplasmosis, caused by the protozoan parasite Toxoplasma gondii, is a significant zoonotic disease that often presents asymptomatically but can lead to severe complications in immunocompromised individuals. This study aimed to determine the seroprevalence of T. gondii infection in small ruminants and assess the attitudes and practices of slaughterhouse workers toward toxoplasmosis in Kaduna Metropolis, Nigeria. A total of 446 small ruminants, including 263 sheep and 183 goats, were sampled from six slaughter facilities. Blood samples were collected, and sera were analyzed for anti-Toxoplasma antibodies using an indirect ELISA. Demographic data such as species, age, sex, breed, and sampling location were recorded. Additionally, structured questionnaires were administered to 42 slaughterhouse workers to evaluate their attitudes and practices regarding T. gondii infection. The overall seroprevalence was 11.7%, with sheep showing a higher seroprevalence (13.3%) compared to goats (9.3%). There was no significant variation in seropositivity based on species, age, or sex, but significant differences were observed among goat breeds, with the highest prevalence in Red Sokoto goats (19.4%). Location-specific differences were also noted, with the highest prevalence in Unguwan Rimi (30.0%). The assessment of slaughterhouse workers revealed that 45.2% had fair attitudes, while 59.5% demonstrated poor practices concerning toxoplasmosis prevention. A significant positive correlation was found between attitudes and practices. These findings highlight the presence of T. gondii in small ruminants in Kaduna, posing potential health risks to consumers and slaughterhouse workers. Improved hygiene practices, proper cooking of meat, and educational interventions targeting slaughterhouse workers are recommended to mitigate infection risks and enhance public health safety.