Comprehensive phytochemical characterization and bioactivity profile of ethanolic leaf extract of Dracaena trifasciata (Prain) Mabb.

Abstract

Dracaena trifasciata (Prain), commonly known as snake plant, has been traditionally used in ethnomedicine. This study provides a comprehensive, multi-technique analysis of its ethanolic leaf extract. Phytochemical screening revealed abundant flavonoids, tannins, saponins, and steroids. Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis identified 31 bioactive compounds, with methyl-10,11-octadecadienoate (16.96%), Phenol,4,4'-thiobis[2,6-dimethyl-] (16.96%), and 2,3,7,8-Tetramethoxy-5H-dibenzo[a,d]cyclohepten-10(11H)-one (16.64%) as major constituents. Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy confirmed key functional groups, including alcohols,
amines, and alkenes. Elemental and vitamin analysis revealed a notably high Vitamin E content (41.24 µg/mL). The extract exhibited significant, dose-dependent in vitro antioxidant activity, with a DPPH radical scavenging IC₅₀ of 295.4 µg/mL and a ferric reducing power of 850.2 µM Fe(II)/g. Antimicrobial evaluation demonstrated broadspectrum efficacy against Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus spp.) and Gram-negative (Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp.) bacteria, with Salmonella spp. showing the highest susceptibility (25 mm inhibition zone at 1 mg/mL). The rich phytochemical profile, particularly the electron-donating phenolic constituents, also suggests potential for novel interdisciplinary applications such as green corrosion inhibition. This integrated characterisation provides a robust scientific foundation for further pharmacological and industrial development of D. trifasciata.