Hidden persuaders in a systemic approach to learning about electrochemical cells and circuits

Abstract

In this paper we discuss the meaning and language associated with use of the symbols + and - with particular reference to electrochemical cells and circuits. We propose that the undifferentiated use of plus and minus signs in that context creates possibilities for students to form misconceptions, and in this way the plus and minus signs are also “hidden persuaders”. We consider in turn the charges of ions, the meaning of oxidation numbers, the role and character of electrodes, and the nature of standard electrode potentials.