International Journal of Police Science Justice and Development
Journal / International Journal of Police Science Justice and Development / Submissions

2. SUBMISSION AND STYLE GUIDELINES FOR AUTHORS
The publication process starts from the time the manuscript is received by the Editorial Office until the manuscript is accepted for publication after the paper is peer-reviewed. All manuscripts are reviewed by members of the Editorial Board or qualified outside reviewers. Decisions will be made as rapidly as possible. Communications intended for publication must be sent through email by using recommended components and orders as per guidelines.

2.1. Format and Style of Main Manuscript

2.1.1 Mode of Submitting Manuscripts
The author(s) shall submit the manuscript to the Editorial Board of the Journal of Police Sciences, Justices and Development (IJPSJD) through the journal email address that shall be used only for the purpose of publication following the standard format stated in the Submission and Style Guidelines for Authors. For the main manuscript, IJPSJD prefers to receive a single complete file that includes all figures and tables in Word’s .docx format. The Supplementary material should be submitted as a single separate file in .docx if any. LaTeX document convert files to Microsoft Word .docx are also accepted.

2.1.2. Format Used In Submitting Manuscript
The manuscript should be in A-4 size with a single column layout, normal margin and the text should be 1.5 spaced; with 12-point, Times New Roman font. All manuscripts must contain at least the essential elements of the article and divide the article into clearly defined sections, for example, Abstract, Introduction/Background, Materials and Methods, Results, Discussion, Conclusions, and References. Technical terms should be defined. Symbols, abbreviations, and acronyms should be defined as first time they are used. All tables and figures should be cited in numerical order. Some headings are optional; for example, not all papers will include tables, figures, keywords, ethical considerations, acknowledgements, or supplementary materials. Subheadings can be categorized by using numbering by Arabic or Roman number or alphabetical letter with small or capital letters, or without numbering. Two or more levels of subheadings may be used if warranted; please distinguish them clearly. Manuscript must be written in clear and concise English or Afan Oromo languages. The journal accepts US-English for those writing their articles in English.

2.1.3. Paper Length
Original manuscripts should not exceed 20 pages in length, and the contents should be given in the general format of a research paper. Book and article reviews should not be more than 8 and 15 pages, respectively. A book review should include an introduction, a book overview, a summary, an assessment, and conclusions. An article review, on the other hand, should include an abstract, an introduction, subjects with headings and subheadings, and a conclusion. Because it is an alternative format for describing smaller chunks of work, short communication should not exceed five pages and must represent completed work rather than early findings.

2.1.4. Contents that the manuscript should contain
The following are the general contents for research papers, but they are not exhaustive.

1. Title page
2. Abstract and key words
3. Introduction/Background
4. Materials and Methods
5. Results and Discussion
6. Conclusion and Recommendations
7. Acknowledgement (if any)
8. References

Under the following sub-headings, a detail of each is presented.

1. Title Page: Each paper should include the title of the paper and name(s) of the author(s), full addresses and institutional affiliation. It should also indicate the name and address (including Email) of the author responsible for correspondence. The title of the manuscript should be selected carefully.
2. It should be concise (maximum of 12 words or 40 characters in 14 font size), specific and descriptive enough to contain keywords or phrases indicating the contents of the manuscript.
3. Avoid abbreviations and formulae where possible.
4. Name of all the authors followed by their affiliations: department, institution, and/or country linked by superscript numbers, should be listed beneath the title on the opening page of the manuscript.
5. If more than one department or institution is involved, authors name should be linked to appropriate institutions/departments by inserting consecutive numbers in superscript after relevant names to which the work should be attributed.
6. Indicate the corresponding author.

NB: If there are several first authorships, please mention each author's contribution at the end of the paper, right after the acknowledgement and before the reference section.

2) Abstract: Each manuscript should have a structured abstract not exceeding 350 words. It should include the research objectives, methods (design), results, and conclusions/implications. They should briefly describe, respectively, the problem being addressed and the objectives of the study, how the study was conducted, the salient results, and what the authors conclude from the results. Abbreviations should be avoided in the abstract. Below the abstract authors should provide a minimum of six (6) keywords.

3) Introduction: This part of the paper should provide background information on the subject, justification or underlying hypothesis for conducting the study, and the major objectives of the research. It should also provide a brief review of literature, limited to information essential to orient the reader.

4) Materials and Methods: This section should present details about the research design and
procedures to clearly prove that the research was done following systematic and rigorous scientific approach. It should include the research design utilized including data sources, sampling techniques and sample size, methods of data collection (including the issue of instrument validation), and the scientific method of data analysis.

5) Result and Discussion: This section must include major findings, assessment of the significance of the findings of the investigation and the possible practical implications. The results of the study shall be discussed with the references to the problems indicated in the introduction or stated as objectives. The results section can stand alone or presented together with the discussion. If treated separately, the results section should include the associated figures, tables, and supplementary information that accurately describe the findings of the study.

6) Conclusion and Recommendations: This section should briefly present the conclusions which
emanate from the results of the study. It is expected that the original contributions of the work and its policy or other implications be briefly described. Recommendations are not mandatory for all fields, and hence a separate treatment could be optional. Yet a critical assessment of the limitation of the study is worth mentioning here indicating possible directions for further research.

7) Acknowledgment: It may be given immediately following the results and discussion or conclusion section but preceding the reference section.

8) References: The journal requires citation of primary sources wherever appropriate. Authors are
responsible for ensuring that the sources utilized in the document are properly cited following APA (author date) referencing style. References should be listed alphabetically by the author’s last name.
References should be selected on their relevance and as much as possible, recent references should be cited and the number kept to a minimum.
In case of Ethiopian names, the author’s given (first) name precedes that of the father’s name and the author’s given name (Taye, 2017; Abas, 1995, Asmarom, 1973) is used but in the reference section, the author’s full name shall be cited:

Example:
Asmarom Legesse (1973). Gada: Three Approaches to the Study of African Society. New York:
The Free Press.
Ethiopian name should not be abbreviated in the reference section (Example: Taye Alemu and not Alemu, T., 2017). For five or more authors, use et al. which is not italics, (Example: Gemechu, et al., 1987).

Other References
The American Psychological Association (APA) is the reference style used by the Journal. The APA style is an example of Author-Date style (the author’s surname and the year in parenthesis (author, year)); this means that every time an author is cited in your paper, you have to credit the work with an in-text citation. When the name of the author is used as part of your narrative just add the year after the surname in parenthesis (i.e. Gray (2007)). All sources should be listed in alphabetical order at the end of the essay in a section called References and double-spacing with hanging indents for the second and subsequent lines of each source. Only appropriate and up-to-date references should be cited.
The references must be verified by the author(s) against the original documents as per APA reference style. Examples of correct forms of reference are given below:

• Example of journal article:
  Harsh, C., & Martin, G. (2013). Comparing holistic and analytic scoring methods: Issues of
  validity and reliability. Assessment in Education: Principles, Policy & Practice. 20(3), 281-307.doi:10.1080/0969594X.2012.742422.
• Example of Book:
  Foskett, N. (1997). Teaching and learning through fieldwork. In D. Tilbury& M. Williams
  (Eds.), Teaching and learning geography (pp. 189-201). London: Routledge.
• Example of eBook:
  Smith, K. (2008). Environmental hazards: Assessing risks and reducing disaster. Retrieved from http://www-dawsoneraom.dcu.idm.oclc.org/abstract/9780203884805
• Example of Newspaper article:
  Finley, R. (2014, March 29). Prospects still slim for major pick-up of global economy. The Irish Examiner, p. 27.
• Example of E-journal article:
  Dahl-Michelsen, T., &Solbraekke, K. N. (2014).When bodies matter: Significance of the body in gender constructions in physiotherapy education. Gender & Education, 26(6), 672-687. doi:10.1080/09540253.2014.946475.
• Example of Master’s Theses and Doctoral Dissertations:
  Meehan, D. (2007). An exploration of the relationship between poet and the community based on
  the work of three contemporary Irish poets.(Unpublished master’s thesis). DCU, Dublin.
• Example of Conferences, symposia and meetings:
  Noak, M. (2009).State policy support for school health education. Mathematical Proceedings of the 53rd annual meetings of the Royal Irish Academy (pp.69-98). Dublin: Royal Irish Academy.
• Example of Website/Document on the Internet:
  Zimmer, A. (2015, October 13). Increase in homelessness affecting city real estates. The Awl. Retrieved from http://www.dnainfo.com/newyork/20151013/murray-hill/increasehomelessnessaffecting-city-realestate-brokers-say.
• Example of Blogs, newsgroups and forum entries:
  Lupton, D. (2015, December 10). Public understanding of personal digital data. This Sociological Life.[Blog post]. Retrieved January 5, 2016 from https://simplysociology.wordpress.com/2015/12/10/publicunderstanding-of-personal-digital data
• Example of Image on the Internet:
  Glucksman Library. (2010). Unidentified pianist and clarinettist[image] (1986). Retrieved
  January 18, 2016, fromhttps://www.flickr.com/photos/ul_digital_library/9269252308/in/albu
  m-72157634603228191/
• Example of Personal communication (Interview, email, unpublished lecture):
  Toíbín, C. (2013, June 15). Personal interview.
• Example of Government agency and organization publication:
  Department of Education and Skills.(2015). Guidelines for the publication of school inspection reports. Retrieved from http://www.education.ie/en/Publications/InspectionReportsPublications/Evaluation ReportsGuidelines/insp_publication_reports_guidelines.pdf
• Example of Reports and Press Releases:
  Byrne, T., Nixon, E., Mayock, P. & Whyte, J. (2006).The free time and leisure needs of young
  people living in disadvantaged communities (Research briefing issue 1). Dublin: Children’s Research Centre.
• Example of Data from Central Statistics Office:
  Central Statistics Office.(2011). Educational Attainment Thematic Report 2011. Retrieved from CSO website: http://www.cso.ie/en/media/csoie/releasespublications/documents/ed
  ucation/2011/educationalattainment2011.pdf
• Example of Audio-visual media:
  Woolley, S. (Producer), & Jordan, N. (Director). (1996). Michael Collins. Ireland; Warner Bros.
• Example of Music recording:
  Kidjo, A. (2003). The sun shines in the Benin. On African playground [CD]. New York: Putumayo Kids.
• Example of Online video:
  Sekine K. (2015, April 15). Young Juvenile Youth [Video file]. Retrieved from https://vimeo.com/143468503

2.2. Figures and Tables Embedded In the Text

1. All illustrations; figures and tables should be placed within the text at the appropriate place with a consistent figure/table number and descriptive/self-explanatory title(caption).
2. Each figure/table should be explained in the text by referring to the corresponding
   figure/table number.
3. Please ensure that the figures are of high resolution and the tables are drawn using MS
   word table tool.

2.2.1. Tables
Tables shall be presented on a separate page, portrait or landscape orientation accordingly. Tables have a title in bold text. Tables should be as small as possible. Tables should be self-contained and complement, not duplicate, information contained in the text. They should be supplied as editable files, not pasted as images. Legends should be concise but comprehensive. The table, legend, and footnotes must be understandable without reference
to the text. All abbreviations and symbols must be defined in footnotes.

2.2.2. Figure Legends
We encourage authors to incorporate the manuscript text and figures together in a single Word
doc, and for each figure legend to be presented together with its figure. However, if a paper is
accepted, we require figure legends to be listed one after the other, as part of the text document, separate from the figure files. Each figure legend should begin with a brief title for the whole figure and continue with a short description of each panel and the symbols used. For contributions with methods sections, legends should not contain any details of methods.
Legends should be concise but comprehensive the figure and its legend must be understandable without reference to the text. Include definitions of any symbols used and define/explain all abbreviations and units of measurement if applicable.

2.2.3. Figures
Figures should be as small and simple as is compatible with clarity. The goal is for figures to be comprehensible to readers in other or related disciplines, and to assist their understanding of the paper. Unnecessary figures and parts (panels) of figures should be avoided. Data presented in small tables or histograms, for instance, can generally be stated briefly in the text instead. Avoid unnecessary complexity, coloring and excessive detail. Figures should not contain more than one panel unless the parts are logically connected; each panel of a multipart figure should be sized so that the whole figure can be reduced by the same amount and reproduced on the printed page at the smallest size at which essential details are visible.
Authors are encouraged to send the highest-quality figures possible, for peer-review purposes, a wide variety of formats, sizes, and resolutions are accepted. Figures submitted in color may be reproduced in color free of charge. Please note, however that it is preferable that line figures (e.g. graphs and charts) are supplied in black and white so that they are legible if printed by a reader in black and white.

2.2.4. Supplementary Files
IJPSJD accepts supplementary files to be published along with an article. This feature can add dimension to the author’s article, as certain information cannot be added in the main article or more appropriate as supplementary information. For each supplementary file kindly supply a concise caption describing the content of the file. Supplementary files will be published as received from the author without any conversion, editing, or reforming.

2.2.5. Additional Files

• Appendices
  Appendices will be published after the references. For submission, they can be supplied as separate files or at the end of manuscript but referred to in the text.
• Supporting Information

1. Supporting information is information that is not essential to the article, but provides greater depth and background. It appears without editing or typesetting. It may include tables, figures, videos, datasets, etc.
2. Note: if data, scripts, or other artifacts used to generate the analyses presented in the paper are available via a publicly available data repository, authors should include a reference to the location of the material within their paper.